Benefits and Hazard of Radiation

SUBMITTED BY: Teresita C. Ojastro SUBMITTED TO: Mrs. Pilar M. Macabinguil MALOH PROVINCIAL COMMUNITY HIGH SCHOOL DUMAGUETE CITY NEGROS ORIENTAL 6200 Mrs. Pilar M. Macabinguil ENGLISH IV Teacher MPCHS Madam: In partial fulfillment of the requirement in ENGLISH IV, I hereby present to you my term paper entitled â€Å"What is Radiation? † This term paper presents a research study on the importance about radiation and how it affects the whole world. In doing a research paper is a big task that must be given more efforts, time and patient. It will not be built without references.I always think of doing this not for the benefits for other but for my own. I learn to be more confident, more competitive and more initiative for I know I have my inspiration who gave me everything I need. The strength, courage, will and determination to conquer my goals in life and to finish my accomplishment as student. I was to give my best with the help of our almighty God. So madam, I hope that this t erm paper will merit your approval and prove to be satisfactory. Please consider my errors and I’m sorry for I disappointed to you. Respectfully yours, TERESITA C. OJASTRO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTNow, in behalf of such difficulties and trials, I would like to acknowledge the People who were re always there behind me and supported me in making this term Paper. Once and foremost, I would like to give especial thanks to our almighty God for He serves as my inspiration and great provider as well. He gives me strength to face me challenge that I’ve encountered. I to God who is too magnificent to grant the blessing I need. I hereby express my thanks to Mrs. Sandra Omongos for giving us opportunity to learn, for giving us information and knowledge in making this term paper.It helps a lot for us that if we already in college, we already know on how to make a research paper. Thank you very much madam for the effort in explaining to us everything. I also give thanks to my beloved parent, sister and brother, grandma, and auntie who really gives there supports, emotionally, physically, mentally, spiritually, and financially. I give those thanks as they are the best parent, aunties and uncle ever. With them, I grew graceful with to God. They are one of my inspirations in complying this research paper.Grateful thanks to my friends, classmates, parents, grandma, aunties and uncle, teacher as well, who were very kind to me, who courage me in this term paper. To my especial auntie Miss ANNABELLE OJASTRO who is always there, giving advice, help me to be strong and be a better person, Thank you very much. I shall never forget you. INTRODUTION We often associate the word radiation with sunlight, x-rays, and nuclear power plants. Radiation is simply energy travelling through space and sunlight is the most familiar of radiation.Life’s on earth has evolved and developed with an ever present background radiation. In fact, in both solar and nuclear radiation have always be en there. Despite this people, fear this hazards that the application of nuclear radiations pose to human life and to the environment. The use of nuclear energy in power generation may have been temporarily shelved in our country due to the controversy in the mid-1980 but this does not make our country â€Å"Nuclei-free†. The controversy revolves mostly around the risks involved versus the benefits derived from these applications.However, for you to decide for or against the use of these applications, you will need to learn about radioactivity and nuclear energy. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. TITLE PAGE II. ENDORSEMENT LETTER III. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV. INTRODUCTION V. TABLE OF CONTENTS VI. BODY OF TERM PAPER A. What is radiation? B. Types and Properties of Nuclear Radiation C. Radioactivity D. Discovery of Radioactivity E. Radioactive Isotopes F. Radioactive Half-Life G. The kinds of Radioactive Decay H. Radioactive Dating I. Two Methods use in Radioactive Dating J. Radiator Detector K. Radiation Application L. Food and Agriculture M.Diagnosis and Therapy N. Diagnostic use of Radioisotopes VII. CONCLUSION VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY WHAT IS RADIATION? RADIATION- is the transfer of thermal energy space. Any object with thermal energy emits radiation. If you’ve travelled down roads on a very hot day, you may have been seen evidence of this radiation. The air just above the hot pavement shimmers and shakes as heats radiates from the surface. This radiation is very much like radio and television waves. Thermal energy transfer in the same way that radio and television signal travels from the broadcasting to your home. TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF NUCLEAR RADIATIONScientist found three different kinds of radiation given off by isotopes of radioactive substances. These are the following: 1. ALPHA (? ) PARTICLE RADIATION- it consists of two protons and two neutrons, or, the nucleus of a helium atom. They carry a positive charge of +2e. It is a helium nucleus. Its penetrating pow er is not very great. It can be stopped by a thin sheet of paper. 2. BETA (? ) PARTICLE RADIATION- Beta radiation consists of electrons. A beta particle is emitted from the nucleus when a neutron becomes a proton and vice versa. 1 The beta particle carries a charge of + e.It is an electron created during the decay of a neutron nucleus. It can travel at nearly speed of light. The high speed of beta particle makes it more penetrating than an alpha particle 3. GAMMA(Y RAY PROTONS-It is form of high energy electromagnetic radiation that travels at the speed of light. A gamma ray is a bundle of light energy. It has the most penetrating radiation given off by radioactive elements and it’s not affected by magnetic fields. It has no electrical charge. RADIOACTIVITY Radioactivity is a spontaneous decay of atomic nuclei in the emission of particle and energy.Radiation and radioactivity are world’s that produce anxiety but we often overlook the many beneficial uses to which radia tion can be put. For instance, exposure to high energy radiation can cause cancer. Yet precisely the same sort of radiation can be useful in the diagnosis of cancer and even in the treatment of cancer. Light and heat rays from the sun are common forms of radiation. Energy is given off when electrons in an exiled atom jump from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. This energy is emitted in the following forms. X-ray, radiation, ultraviolet radiation or light.An atom becomes excited when energy is added to it. However, there are some substances which yield radiation. These are called radioactive substances and it comes from the nuclei of an atom. DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY In 1985, William Roentgens discovered x-rays are radiation produced when high energy electron hit a certain material. He also discovers that x-rays can generate by directing a cathodes ray (beam of fast electrons) against the wall of the glass tube. In 1986, a French scientist, Henry Becquerel did an exper iment to determine whether fluorescent materials give off light as well as x-rays.Becquerel wrapped a photographic plate in a thick black paper. He placed a crystal of the fluorescent uranium salt on the top of the paper. Then, he exposed the set up to the sunlight. He found a foggy photographic film, confirming his prediction that his runny sulphate did emit radiation. RADIOATIVE ISOTOPES Isotopes are atoms whose nuclei have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. We distinguish between the different isotopes of hydrogen by 1H, 2H and 3H where the lower number is atomic number and the upper number is the atomic mass number.The common isotopes of hydrogen, 1 1H, is a table element. So is the isotopes 1 2H, called deuterium â€Å"Heavy Water† is the usually given to H2O in which 13H, called tritium, however, is unstable and undergoes beta decay. This is the radioactive. And some are not. RADIOACTIVE HALF-LIFE Radioactive isotopes decay at different rates. The radioactive Decay rate measured in terms of a characteristics time, the half-life. The Half-Life of the radioactive materials is the time required for half the atoms of radioactive isotopes of an element to decay. This term is also use to described Decay process in general.For example, Thorium-234 has a half-life of 24d. This mean that if we start with a 100g sample of TH-234, after 24d 50g will have changed into other atoms and 50g of Th-234 will remain. THE KINDS OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY Physicist who studied radioactive rocks and minerals discovered three kinds of radioactive decay, which are the following: 1. ALPHA DECAY Some radioactive decays involve the emission of a relatively large and massive practice compo red by two protons and two neutrons. Such as particle is exactly the same as the nucleus of helium, 4 atoms.It is called an alpha particle, and the process by which it is emitted is called alpha decay. It has an equation: ZAX>Z-4A-4Y+24He Parent nucleus Daughter nucleus + particle (helium nucleus) 2. BETA DECAY The second kind of radioactive decays, called beta decay, involves the emission of the electron. In general for beta decay: ZAX>ZA+Y+-10e Parent nucleus Daughter nucleus + ? particle (electron) 3. GAMMA RADIATION The third kind radioactivity called gamma radiation is different from alpha and beta decay.A â€Å"gamma ray† is simply a generic term for a very energetic proton which is one unit of electromagnetic radiation. It is represented by: ZAX>ZAX+00y Parent nucleus Daughter nucleus + gamma particle All magnetic radiation comes from the acceleration of charge particles. That is happen in gamma radiation. RADIOACTIVE DATING An entirely different use of radioactivity is radioactive dating. Radioisotopes are used as â€Å"Nuclear Clocks† to determine the age of objects on an archaeological, geographical, and astronomical time sale. TWO METHODS USED IN RADIOACTIVE DATING . URANIUM DATING It is used to determine the age of the ea rth, the moon, or the solar system. Isotopes with the long half lives like U-238, U-235, Th-232, K-40 and Rb-87 are used. With this method, scientist has estimated the age of the oldest rock on the earth to be four billion years old. Since, Uranium has a very long half-life; the amount of lead produced by its decays over a period of thousands of years is virtually undetectable. That uranium dating not used relatively younger objects. 2. CARBON DATING It uses the decay of the carbon-14 isotope.Carbon dating techniques has become an indispensable tool for modern archaeologists. The age of artefacts from archaeological sites can be determining using carbon dating techniques. The oldest caves in Palawan were found to be around 40,000 years old by carbon dating. Carbon-14 is used in determining the age of once living things, to calculate the age of non-living things, Uranium dating is used. RADIATION DETECTORS Unlike visible lights, the presence of radioactive substances within and aroun d us cannot be detected by our senses. The following are the radiation detector devices: . GEIGER COUNTER A Geiger counter consist of a central wire in a hollow metal cylinder filled with low pressure gas, an electrical voltage is applied across the cylinder and wire so that the wire is more positive than the cylinder. 2. CLOUD CHAMBER A cloud chamber shows a visible path or ionizing radiation in the form of Fog trails. It consists of cylindrical glass chamber close at the upper and by a glass window and at the lower and by a movable piston. 3. BUBBLE CHAMBER The particles trails seem in a bubble chamber are minute bubbles of gas in liquid hydrogen.The liquid hydrogen is heated under pressure in a glass and stainless steel chamber to a point just short to boiling. 4. SCINTILLATION COUNTER A scintillation counter uses the fact that certain substances are easily excited in emit light and when charge particles are or gamma rays pass through them. Tiny flashes of light or scintillation are converted into electric signal by special photo-multiplier tubes. A scintillation counter can measure the energy of charged particles or gamma rays absorb the detector. Ordinary water, when highly purified, can serve as a scintillator. RADITION APPLICATIONToday, scientists continue to look for applications of radioactivity and nuclear energy to benefits mankind. A. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Ionizing, radiation has been use for the several decades to produce new genetic lines of rice, sorghum, garlic, wheat, bananas, beans, avocado, and peppers. All of which are more resistant to rests and more adaptable to harsh climatic conditions. Aside from the used of radioisotopes is tracer studies, there at least three major areas where ionizing radiation is used in agriculture: 1. ) Mutation plant breeding, 2. ) Food irritation; and 3. Sterile infect technology. B. DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPHY Radiation is a powerful tool in medicine especially as an aid to diagnosis. In medical diagnosis the strate gy in to keep the radiation dose as low as possible while gaining the most information. How is this possible? By using small amounts of short lived radioactive isotopes injected into the patient’s body. A technique called radio isotopic tracing. DIAGNOSIS USE OF RADIOISOTOPES 1. Bone and thyroid scan 2. Radio-immunoassay (RIA) Technique 3. Skeleton and heart muscles detectors Radiation therapy is commonly used to treat cancer.Treatment of cancers, the purpose is to cause damage particularly to cancer cells. CONCLUSION I conclude that making this term paper really requires effort, time, knowledge, and of course financial effort aspects. It is not easy task. It is very challenging for us, for me because through research in different sources, our knowledge will expand. And there is learning. I used to choose â€Å"Radiation† because I really want to know what it all is About, its benefits, and hazards, how it is related to our planet earth, and what is behind. As I go thr ough, I learned some more and it helps me a lot.Coz I know in College, we were going to make this also. I was hesitating to make a research paper because I was thinking it’s hard to do. But when I try my best, I was proven myself wrong. It is important to make this Because I want to learn and besides it’s a requirement that should e accomplish. In the study of â€Å"RADIATION† I found of that there were kinds, Benefits and hazardous. At least we can aware of what is it all about. And now because I learn, So I am accomplishing now my term paper. BIBLIOGRAPHY Physics Science and Technology Textbook for Fourth Year. Philippines: SD Publication, Inc, 2004Aldridge, Bill M. S, et. al. Science and Interaction. USA: Glencoe Division of Mc Millan/Mc Graw-Hill School Publishing Company, 1993. Buffa, Anthony J. And Wilson, Jerry D. Physics Fourth Edition. Singapore: Pearson Education, Inc. , 1994. Heath, Robert W. ; Macnaughton, Robert R. ; and Martindale, David G. Fundame ntals of Physic. Canada: D. C. Health Canada Ltd. , 1979 Hewitt Paul G. Conceptual Physics, United States of America: Pearson Prentice Hall Inc. , 2006 Hewitt Paul G. Conceptual Physics Ninth Edition. USA: Pearson Education Inc. , 1956 Ocampo, Jorge R. And Santos, Gil Nonato C.General Science for High School. Rex Book Store, Inc. , 1963. Pabellon, Josetina L. , and Tubal , Gemelita C. Science and Technology for a Better Life Series. Physics Second Edition. Philippines: Duiva Scholastic Presk Inc. , 1995. Ronan, Colin A. The New Book of Knowledge. Canada; Grolier Incorporated, 2004. Salmorin, Lita M. Science and Technology Physics Updated Edition. Philippines: Abiva Publishing House, Inc. , 1995. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Lita M. Salmon, Science and Technology Physic Updated Edition (Philippines: Aviva Publishing House, Inc. , 1995), p. 32. [ 3 ]. 2Bill Aldridge, M. S, et al. , Scien ce Interactions (United states of America: Glencoe Division of Mc Milan/Mc Grew-Hell School Publishing Company, 1993), p. 176 [ 4 ]. Jerry D. Wilson and Anthony G. Buffer; Physics Fourth Edition (Singapore: Pearson Education, Inc. , 1994), p. 892. [ 5 ]. Colin A. Ronan, the New Book f knowledge (Canada: Grolier Incorporated, 2004), p. 42. [ 6 ]. Paul G. Hewitt, Conceptual Physics (United of America; Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006), p. 613. [ 7 ]. Robert W. Health, Rober R. Macnaughton and David G. Martinda, Fundamentals of Physics (Canada: D.C. Health CanadaLtd. 1979), p. 309. [ 8 ]. Gil Nonato C. Santod and George R. Ocampo, General Science for School (Philippines: REX Book Store, Inc. ,1963), p. 270. [ 9 ]. Ms. Sosefina L. Pabellon and Ms. Genelita B. Tubal, Science and Technology for a Better Life Series Physics second Edition (Phillipines: Divva Scholastic Press Inc. , 1995),p. 290 [ 10 ]. Paul G. Hewitt, Conceptual Physics, Ninth Edition (USA: Pearson Education Inc. , 1956), p. 64 3. [ 11 ]. Physics Science and Technology textbook for the fourth year( Philippines: SD Publications, Inc. , 2004), P. 109.

Another Accolade for Charter Arms Corp by Mike Royko

Laurence Bourgeois A00161609 March 12th, 2013 Analysis Essay In his essay â€Å"Another Accolade for Charter Arms Corp. â€Å", Mike Royko focuses not on John Lennon’s death, but on the type of gun that was used to kill him. He argues that the model of a gun makes a great deal of difference when killing someone. By ignoring the shooting of the celebrity, Royko uses irony to show how idiotic the debate on the gun is. He commences his essay by asking the readers â€Å"what difference does it make what kind of gun was used  ? and answers by saying that it indeed makes a great deal of difference. At this point, we know the author’s rhetorical strategy will consist on focusing on anything but the death of the famous musician. As mentionned before, Royko uses a lot of irony in his essay as a way of showing the readers how ludicrous the gun debate really is. Per example, in the beginning of his essay, Royko says  : â€Å"And when people become emotional about guns, as many do when somebody famous is killed, they tend to lump all guns together.They don’t show proper respect for an excellent gun, such as the Charter . 38. † By saying that this type of gun deserves respect, despite what it did to the famous superstar, the author is clearly trying to show no empathy for Lennon as a form of rhetorical strategy. Later on, he proceeds by saying  : â€Å"Now the Charter Arms Corp. has the unique distinction of having two famous people shot by one of their products, I wonder if they have considered using it in their advertising. Here, he takes his irony to another level by assuming the death of a celebrity should be something the company should be proud of and that advertising it would lead the customers to purchase the weapon. Using irony for this type of subject was a brilliant idea, but in this essay, Royko uses too much of it. Secondly, Mike Royko uses the model of the gun as an argument of his irony. He also constantly talks about the importance of the quality of the weapon.Per example, he mentions the incident that happened on network TV, where a reporter from CBS says that the gun used to shoot George C. Wallace was a â€Å"cheap handgun† and goes on by explaining how this was quite an insult for Charter Arms Corp. The author also talks about the fact that both shooters, Bremer and Wallace used the same gun to wound their victim and that the weapon did a good job. In another sample of his irony, Royko adresses Charter Arms Corp by saying  : â€Å"Once again, your product really did the job, gents. â€Å"To conclude, Mike Royko’s essay is initially an ironic piece of work written to make the readers realize that the main focus of a tragedy should be the victim, not minor details such as the weapon used to harm the person. In my opinion, this essay is a fine piece of work, but the author emphasizes too much on irony in a way that it shadows what the essay is actually about. Work Cited Royko, Mi ke. â€Å"Another Accolade for Charter Arms Corp. † The Broadview Anthology. 2nd ed. Ed. Laura Buzzard, Peterborough  : Broadview, 2011. 221-4.

What Does It Take to Get into the University of Denver?

The University of Denver accepts 58% of applicants. What does it take to get in? Located in south Denver, the University of Denver boasts being situated in what’s becoming one of the trendiest cities in the U.S. Just a short drive to the iconic Rocky Mountains, the University of Denver takes advantage of both its urban resources and natural splendor to provide an enriching private education for its students. Beyond its advantageous setting, the University of Denver also offers a distinct women’s college that female students can opt into, where they’ll receive all the benefits of a single-sex college as well as the resources available to the co-ed school. Given its small size, students can expect to receive more individualized attention then they would at larger, nearby colleges such as UC Boulder. The University of Denver is the perfect school for any student who wants a small college feel with access to an urban social life and incredible outdoor activities. Keep reading to learn more about the tips that have helped ’s students get into the school that’s perfect for them. Apply to DU using either the institution-specific Pioneer Application or the Common Application . While you should choose the application format you’re most comfortable with, we generally recommend that you use the Common App, since you’ll be able to quickly and easily reuse parts of your application when applying to other schools. We’ve written an extensive guide, so be sure to check out The Common App: Everything You Need to Know . The University of Denver has several decision and deadline options: If you’re unsure about whether you should apply early, check out our post Early Action vs. Early Decision vs. Restricted Early Action . To apply, be sure to send in all of the following: For homeschool students: You will be required to submit a letter of recommendation from a non-family member. For international students: If English is not your first language, you’ll need to demonstrate your proficiency through TOEFL, IELTS, or CAE scores. You can also supplement your application with a video interview to confirm your English proficiency, and you will want to send test scores for any secondary high school programs such as IB. Last year, the University of Denver’s acceptance rate was 58% . DU received 19,904 applications last year and admitted 11,554 students. Of those, 1,504 students actually enrolled, making it similarly selective to schools like Illinois Institute of Technology and Texas A&M University . While there’s a good chance you’ll be admitted, you should still take the application process seriously and make sure that every part of your application is as strong as possible. One way to increase your chances is to get help from people who have been through the process before. Connecting with someone who has successfully gained admission to a school like DU can make the difference between rejection and acceptance. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. DU uses a holistic review process to choose students with potential and who will contribute to the DU community. Use your application to highlight your strengths in the following areas. Academics. DU places a greater emphasis on GPA than it does test scores, but the admissions counselors will consider both when evaluating your application. The average GPA for incoming freshman was a 3.7, with the middle 50% of applicants falling between 3.47 to 4.0. The average SAT score was 1265, with the middle 50% earning scores between 1170 and 1370. The average ACT score was 28, with the middle 50% earning scores between 26 and 31. Extracurriculars. DU doesn’t care what activities you were involved in throughout high school, but they do want to see that you pursued something you were interested in with passion and excellence. This could mean taking a leadership position at your school, starting a new organization or initiative, or being recognized for your talents through awards and recognition. Whatever you do, show why those activities were meaningful to you and how you went above and beyond in following them. Character. It’s important that you give the DU admissions officers insight into who you are and what your strengths are. Write a compelling essay that focuses on an accomplishment or strength that you are proud of, and choose recommenders who can highlight strengths beyond what you could cover in your essay alone. Contribution to Community. DU is explicitly looking for students who will engages with their community. Show how your strengths and experiences will enrich the student body and how you’ll engage with the campus and the surrounding community. You can highlight how you’ve contributed to communities in the past through service or leadership. Every application is different, but over the years we’ve seen these strategies give our clients applications that are three times more likely to gain favorable admissions results. Tell your story. The University of Denver explicitly say that they give a lot of weight to your essay, extracurriculars, and supplementary materials, and the admissions counselors are looking for bright, motivated students who will make the most of their education. Whatever you don’t include in your application, they won’t know about, so make sure you highlight your strengths, your values, and your passion throughout your application. Partner with recommenders. Most students choose a recommender and let the recommender do all the work, but you need to make sure that every piece of your application is strong. Choose recommenders who can complement your essay by highlighting a different aspect of your character, such as athletic coaches or work/volunteer supervisors. Give your recommenders all the help they need to make their letters flow with the rest of your application. Enhance the themes of your completed application. A seasoned admissions counselor will review your entire application in about nine minutes and evaluate it. If you want them to remember something positive about you, then you’ll need to mention it throughout your application, not just once and hope that they remember. Try this strategy—finish your application at least a week early and leave it alone for a few days. When you return to it, read the whole application in nine minutes. What stood out to you? What wasn’t clear or could be improved on? Then make those improvements. The University of Denver receives applications from more qualified applicants than they can accept, and they work hard to make sure the DU is affordable for the students they admit. If you find yourself facing a no-thank-you at the end of the admissions process, don’t be too hard on yourself. Bright, motivated, resourceful students will find success, or create it, anywhere they go. The University of Denver doesn’t appear to have a formalized decision appeals process. However, we do not recommend that you petition your decision, as across most schools, decisions are rarely reversed. You are eligible to apply for transfer for any of the academic quarters, and DU is very open to transfer students, adults returning to complete their degrees, and other types of nontraditional students. That said, you’ll still need to complete an application via the Pioneer App or Common App, include your college transcripts with at least a 3.0 college GPA, and, if you’ve completed less than a year of college, you’ll want to include your standardized test scores as well. You can reapply after taking a gap year, but this path is riskier than simply committing to another school and requesting to take a gap year there. To see if a gap year is right for you, visit our posts, What Are the Pros of Taking a Gap Year? and What You Need To Know When Applying to Colleges After a Gap Year . By far, we recommend looking at another great school and making the most of your time there. Consider applying for other Colorado schools such as the University of Colorado – Boulder or Colorado College. For advice on adjusting to a different college path, check out our post Envisioning a New Future: Preparing for Life at Your Second-Choice (or Third, or Fourth) School . The University of Denver is a great option for dedicated students. If you’d like more personalized advice on your admissions profile, offers College Applications help , where you’ll be paired with a successful mentor at a top school who helps you along every step of the application process.

Social issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Social issues - Essay Example They are hundreds of thousands and are forced to work as slaves with little or no pay at all. They work under the harshest conditions that include receiving all sorts of mistreatment from their bosses; they are beaten up, being locked in small huts, and are badly fed with an unbalanced diet. They usually rely on the bananas and the cocoa fruits that they eat. Latest statistics estimates reveal that approximately twelve thousand to two hundred thousand children are taken as slaves in West Africa. They work for twelve hours to fifteen hours in a day, and they are ten to twelve years old. Ironically, in all the countries where slave trade is carried out, slavery is illegal but the laws are bent, and slavery is practiced at a high rate. One of the West African countries that have deteriorated in its practice of child labor is the Ivory Coast. Every year, there is an approximate value of three million tons of chocolate that are consumed in the whole world (The film). Ivory Coast is the primary supplier of Chocolate in the entire world with forty-three percent of the total worlds supplied cocoa. However, the success of this industry is dependent on how many children are exploited under the child labor practices. From the Documentary, it is shown how thousands of Malian children are transported to Ivory Coast by rogue slave traders the trade remains unknown by most of the laws enforcers since the farms are small and isolated. Traders are usually found hanging in the bus stations and targets children who are alone or those begging for food. They then lure them to travel to Ivory Coast with them, and then they exchange the abducted children with farmers who are in a need of cheap labor with money. Most of the farms are found in the plains where access of people is rare hence nobody can recognize the presence of the illegal trade among the population of West Africa. Initial works by Knight Rider newspapers

Poaching in Zimbabwea, causes and attempts to stop sense the 1990s Annotated Bibliography - 1

Poaching in Zimbabwea, causes and attempts to stop sense the 1990s - Annotated Bibliography Example help me to identify the causes of poaching in Zimbabwe and the general overview of the steps taken by the South African governments to fight poaching. Consequently, I will use this source to show how the South African countries have suffered from poaching and the strategies they have employed to curb cases of poaching. Gabriel, Hua, and Wang have explored the market dynamics of ivory. They have pointed out that China is the leading market for ivory that is smuggled from Zimbabwe and other African countries. They have raised concerns that despite the ban of ivory trade, this was only short-lived because poaching still continues. Additionally, they have pointed out that the research conducted by IFAW implicates China as the leading market for ivory that is smuggled from Africa. In this scenario, there are a big number of industries of ivory processing industries in China thus affecting Zimbabwe and other African countries negatively. I will use the source to point out the China’s influence on poaching in Zimbabwe. Gulland and Williams explores the steps taken by the African countries following the1989 ban of the ivory trade. They have pointed out how the African member countries enacted laws that could stop and control poaching. In Zambia, they have pointed out the government was out to fight poaching that was rampant in the Luangwa valley. Research shows that poverty is one of the factors contributing to poaching amongst the locals. Additionally, the Zambian government passed stern penalty to poachers found poaching in Luangwa valley between a periods of 1970s-1985. Consequently, the gang members who were caught poaching could be sentenced in groups and sent to jail. I will use this source to argue the steps taken by various African member countries affected by poaching to stop poaching within their territories. The article explores on how the demand for ivory has gone up in the Asian markets more especially in China. The reason given is that these goods are

Egan's Justification for Recommending Health and Safety Improvements Research Paper

Egan's Justification for Recommending Health and Safety Improvements in Construction Industry - Research Paper Example This clearly shows that the service provided in this sector is poor. Improvements in the health and safety construction sector, guarantee clients the best services, and it is obvious that the profit made will be up the scale. Egan argued that for the health, and safety construction sector to achieve its full potential, there was need for only people who are qualified to be employed. If the new employees are not qualified, they should be trained. Egan came up with the idea of hiring more employees; there was the need for 370,000 new employees to be hired by the health and safety sector and each of the new employees was to be trained (Chinyio & Olomolaiye, 2010: 155). He also proposed for institutions to have a guide to assist employees and a code of ethical working practice for contractors, trade unions and clients. The employees need to be aware of whom they are dealing with; this helps them follow the right channel in case of an emergency. Main elements of Egan’s proposals to achieve this improvement Pioneering projects are the ventures laid down by an establishment to improve the performance of the establishment. This can be internal contests laid down to motivate the performance of every employee. The establishment could come up with remuneration on the employee of the year award. This will guarantee quality services from the employees, because the employees will be contending for the coveted price. On the subject of profit gained in the sector, by improving the working environment of the employees, they certainly perk up how they offer services to clients. This boosts the amount of profit earned, because when clients get the best in terms of service they will definitely spread the word to the people around them; this also applies in poor service. The real concern that needs to be taken into deliberation is the issue of health and safety sector for the employees (Booth, 2012: 64). When the employees’ health and safety is taken into account, eve rything else falls in place. When an establishment leases more employees, each employee feels the significance of his or her input in the company. Due to getting only qualified staff the best service is guaranteed for clients. This also applies in the argument of coming up with trade unions, these unions brace the relationship between the establishments and the clients. The employees need to know their input in an industry, and the clients should also be aware of the output of an industry they have an alliance with, trade unions help in achieving this goal. When all these issues are taken into consideration, the intended profit will be able to assist the industry develop other sectors. The health section should also focus on making the employees feel the urge to work. This can be done by introducing leisure activities, that will help them relax. The main principles of BREEAM system, and how the system operates in practice BREEAM system was formed to ensure environmental quality cons truction through accessible, un-hostile and unprejudiced measure of ecological impacts. The BREEAM system creates the possibility of covering all construction areas (Senaratne and Sexton, 2011: 209). This is because the system does not focus on the specified areas only, it weigh’s its focus on all the areas that need to be developed, and works to achieve this target. BREEAM aims to use qualified measures to determine environmental qu

Was President Eisenhower better prepared to make decisions about the Essay

Was President Eisenhower better prepared to make decisions about the developing intelligence community than most other presidents - Essay Example President Eisenhower was a good consumer. In relation to the intelligence data work; he could prefer to gather the information from the normal citizens rather than depending on the material gathered by daily reports, which he believed, had its errors in reporting. As a manger, he delivered outstanding views in regards to his management hence protecting national resources as well. During world cold war era, he was able to deliver and discuss the idea of producing a brief, all-source, daily current intelligence publication exclusively for the President During the world war two, Marine Corps developed and deployed Navajo Code Talker Program that was used to encode, transmit, and decode English messages that were delivered into complex languages. The machines were developed with encryption method that enabled successful transmission of communication within the corps. However, President Eisenhower used to read all his reports from separate reports originating from CIA, State, Defense, and joint chiefs rather than daily reports, which he believed that he was able to gather cognitive information at

Coca cola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Coca cola - Essay Example alone recorded more than US$15 billion in 2006 (Kent, para 2-3). In the same year, market consumption volumes for the same product were more than thirty billion liters. This is usually not the same story with many multinationals. Company Overview Coca-Cola Company headquartered in Atlanta Georgia and specializes in soft beverage drinks. The company has operations in more than 200 countries. The plant in Atlanta produces the concentrate and sells it to certified Coca-Cola bottlers worldwide. Bottlers hold agreements with the Coca Cola Corporation, which permit them to produce the finished products. After which bottlers distribute and sell Coca-Cola products to retail stores and vending machines, who in turn sell the products to consumers. Advantages of Coca Cola Differentiated marketing method The most noticeable positional strategy of the Coca Cola Company is differentiated marketing method. This method has enabled the organization to satisfy the needs of a wide range of markets. For instance, it has bottled water products for any of its target segments. It also has Diet Coke which is specifically targeted for the aged or elderly people and those people who are drifting towards a healthier feeding lifestyle. Product levels One of the main advantages of Coca Cola Company over its rivals is that it offers products on three distinctive levels: the core product, the actual product, and the augmented product. In general, features and even materials used make the actual products which in the end avails the core product (Petretti 2-17). Consumers are attracted by Coca Cola products because of their high quality coupled with unsurpassed company standards. As consumers take the products they also end up getting the augmented product which is the extra or additional benefits the consumer derive from the product or the company. However, given that soft beverages are consumables, there is a tendency to pose limits on the augmented level. To counter this, Coca Cola Company not only provides its products in various quantities, it also provides its products in different tastes and coloration to enable the consumer to switch products without crossing over to competitor products. A good example is Diet Coke which is offered in various quantities like the Lagasse Diet Coke, Caffeine-Free Diet Coke, and Chaser Diet Coke basing on the consumer preferences. Global brand Unlike many of its competitors, Coca Cola Company is the leading manufacturer, marketer and even distributor of nonalcoholic drinks worldwide. Presently, the organization has operations in more than 200 countries. The company is a marketplace innovation driver and a solidified investor in local economies. At present, Coca Cola Company commands the beverage industry globally with over 500 beverage brands including about four brands out of the top-five sparkling brands on the planet (Kent, para. 4-6). Coca-Cola Company market share versus other soft drink companies worldwide in 2011, based on sa les value Source: Globalization and Health, Statistica. Disadvantages of Coca Cola Positioned as a monopoly The company has established itself as a monopoly in many countries. As a monopoly, there are many things that are attributed to the company are not encouraging. For instance, the company is likely to produce products that are substance. A case in point, in 2006, in Canada and India, the company was accused on producing

Earnings per share for xyz Company Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Earnings per share for xyz Company - Term Paper Example They normally give Earning per share a certain distinction among the financial ratios. Earnings per share are considered very important in a business since it allows the investors to know how much the business earned in their stock share investment. In other words, EPS shows how much in terms of net income did the business earned for each stock share owned. Basic EPS Ratio The essential EPS is given by the equation; EPS = Net Income / Total number of stock share (Wiley, 2013). For example, in the following income statement, the company’s $32.47 million net income is divided by the 8.5 million shares of stock it owns to get the $3.82 EPS. Income statement for the year 2010 Sales revenue $457,000 Cost of goods sold expense $298,750 Gross Margin $158,250 Sales, Administration and general expense 102, 680 Earnings before interest and income tax $55,570 Interest expense 6,250 Earnings before income tax $49,320 Income tax expense 16,850 Net income $32,470 Basic earnings per share $3 ,82 Diluted earnings per share $3,61 EPS = 32.47million/8.5million = $3.82 For the stakeholders of businesses whose shares are publicly traded, EPS becomes extraordinarily important. The stakeholders therefore need to pay close attention to the market price per share. In such cases, the stakeholders would prefer their net income to be communicated to them in terms of per share so that they can be able to compare it with the market price of the stock per share (Bryan, 2011). Unlike publicly owned companies, the stock shares of privately owned companies are not traded actively. This is because they do not have to report their EPS according to the GAAP. This exemption is explained by the fact that their stockholders do not focus on per share values but are instead interested in the business’s net income. The Diluted EPS Ratio The XYZ Company could be listed in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) given the assumption that its shares are traded at $70 per share. Well known as the B ig Board, requires that requires that the market capital which includes the total of the shares issued and the outstanding shares, should be at the least, $100 million and the number of shares available for trading should be at least 1.1 million. The Company’s market capital is $595 million with the 8.5 million shares trading at $70 per share and this is well above the NYSE’s minimum. By the end of the year, this company has 8.5 million shares just outstanding. This number refers to the number of stock shares that have been issues and are now owned by its stakeholders. Therefore, the Earnings per share is $3.82 as has been computed. Nevertheless, a complication sets in when the business is committed to issuing additional capital stock shares in the future for stock options granted to the executives by the company, and it has funds borrowed on the basis of debt instruments. This particularly gives the lenders the right to convert the debt into its capital stock. Followi ng that, the business may have to issue 500,000 additional capital stock shares in the future under terms of its management options as well as its convertible debts. When we divide the net income by the number of the outstanding shares plus the additional shares that could be issued in the future, the following EPS computation emerges; $32.47million net income ? 9million capital stock shares issued and potentially issuable = $3.61 EPS This second computation, as can be seen, has higher number of stock shares and is therefore referred to as diluted earnings per share. The term diluted is used to refer to thinned out or spread over a large number of shares. That notwithstanding, the

Children families and communities Out-_ of-_ Home Care of Children Essay

Children families and communities Out-_ of-_ Home Care of Children (Foster Care) - Essay Example The primary aim of people who run the Foster Care homes is to provide the child with a permanent home with caring parents, irrespective of reunification or adoption. Children who are initiated into Foster Care homes include children who are neglected and abused and basically do not experience a strong and safe support system in their lives. Such children not only have serious physical and mental problems, but also possess a very negative attitude towards life. There is a constant threat to a child’s natural development which definitely takes its toll if help is not rendered in time. It is not only important to take a child to Foster Care during the early stages when the growth of the brain is most active, but it is also vital that the child has a positive experience and a good healing process while in Foster Care. In this context, Welfare systems play a vital role in the life of a child as it helps in healing the damage brought about by abuse and neglect, as well as it plays a very important role in the child’s development by providing comprehensive services. Current Effectiveness of Child Welfare Systems Internationally, for the past decade, there has been great improvement, in the policies and practices involving child protection. According to Lonne, Parton, Thomson, & Harries, (2009) Welfare systems are receiving ‘greater recognition of the importance of preventive, family – focused support’. The change brought about is reflected in ongoing efforts to broaden the concept of protection practices through child- centered orientation in welfare. Programs such as early interventions for both the child as well as family needs have been introduced. Early intervention policies and programs help to reduce the vulnerability of the child as well as the family and also help to cut costs before further damage is done. In addition, Secondary support programs such as Healthy Families (US) Sure Start (UK) and Stronger Families and Communiti es Strategy and Brighter Futures (Australia) are implemented to create social awareness about the importance of early interventions. Ongoing research is also being carried out in the field of child protection, by way of development of a range of assessment tools that serve to reduce the known risk factors which in turn help to strengthen and support the protective factors involving the child as well as the family. According to Stern (2002) such factors serve to ‘achieve desirable preventive effects for children and families.’ Cashmore (2009) strongly feels that though important decisions are taken by professionals who give their expert advice on the problems of children in care, yet family and community play a vital role in addressing these concerns and finding solutions to these problems. Family group conferences are very much helpful because it empowers the family who otherwise has to rely on professionals to sort out their problems. Moreover, according to Cashmore (2 009) family group conferencing helps to build trust between the child, family and community and reduce the stressful situation to the minimum. Judy Cashmore (2009) believes that such family group conferences are extremely important as they help to harness trust and faith between the child, family and community and hence build stronger relationships among themselves that in turn

Merced County Health Status Essay Example for Free

Merced County Health Status Essay A community’s health can be established through a myriad of differing factors. Three specific factors that will help to determine the health of the county in which I live are community safety, disaster preparedness, as well as an analysis of the population. The community under review, Merced, is located in central California and made up of seventeen cities and communities whose individual populations do not exceed more than 75,000 and covers an area of approximately 1,972 square miles (United States Census Bureau, 2010) with a total population of approximately 255,793 people in 2010 (Merced County California, 2012). The first area of importance is community safety. It is important to beginning discussion with the one of the most basic of health indicators; the air we breathe. The air quality index in Merced County is 48, a median value that takes into account only the most hazardous air pollutants (Air Now, 2012). This value is only slightly lower than the air quality index of California, but is approximatly 30% higher than the national average (Air Now, 2012). Another important area that must be addressed is the water we drink. In Merced County most of our drinking water comes from groundwater sources which are collected by two public water systems. Most all areas in Merced County are affected by three different pollutants: Nitrates, Ethylene Dibromide (EDB), and Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) (Air Now, 2012). Although all three of the pollutants fall below the water standard or eliminated through the public water systems, these pollutants will continue to be an issue because EDB and DBCP were used by farmers for many years to fumigate crops. Another area of concern in community safety is the safety hazards within the sociocultural environment. The ability to work, shop, or simply ride your bike and feel protected within the area in which you live are important features in determining the health of a community. With 1. 2 police officers and 4. 4 sheriff officers per 100,000 people and an average response time of 3 minutes (Merced County Office of Economic Development, 2012); most people can be fairly confident that they and their property are protected. However, crime rates have risen in the past few years. In 2009, Merced County experienced 1,658 violent crimes; the majority of which involved aggrivated assult but also included 26 murders, 78 forcible rapes, and 276 robberies (United States Department of Justice, 2012). There were also 4,390 property crimes and 90 cases of arson (United States Department of Justice, 2012). Rate of offenses per 100,000 are as follows: violent 568. 3, property 567. 3, drug 512. 9, sex 37. 9, other 489. 1, and totaling 2,175. 5 per 100,000 (United States Department of Justice, 2012). Considering there are only 5. law enforcement officers per 100,000 people, it would appear as though crime will continue to rise for the foreseeable future. These numbers are especially troublesome considering budget cuts that will surely affect all public safety departments (Layoff Watch, 2011). There are a couple of ethnic groups within Merced County that feel especially vulnerable, the Hispanic community and the Asian community. The Hispanic community nearly makes-up 50 percent of the population and is congrigated in the poorest of neighborhoods. Yet another concern involving public safety is the ability to obtain medical services. Within Merced County there are only two hospitals that offer emergency medical service, Memorial hospital of Los Banos and Dignity Health of Merced. Memorial hospital of Los Banos is a relatively small hospital with the ability to admit a total of 46 patients (Memorial Hospital Los Banos, 2008). The emergency room has the ability to care for a total of 6 patient’s requiring immediate emergency care, but has the capability to fly patients out to other facilities if required. Dignity Health of Merced is the larger of the two facilities and cares for the majority of the population of Merced County. Dignity Health has a total of 194 beds available. Dignity Health has approximately 10,900 admissions per year and total emergency room visits equaling around 66,000 per year. On a typical weekend the emergency room will see about 250 patients between the hours of 7 a. m. and7 p. m. (M. Parker RN, personal communication, June 8, 2012). Also serving the community are 8 primary clinics. The majority of these clinics are located within the city limits of Merced and Los Banos. Those located outside of these locations will have to drive upto 30 minutes to obtain medical services. Merced County also has five psychiatric facilities, only 2 of which are capable of admitting patients. Country Villa Merced Behavioral Health Center has 96 beds available for the community and has the ability to care for long-term patients between the ages of 18 to 65 years of age (Country Villa Merced Behavioral Health Center, 2012). Marie Green Psychiatric Center is a smaller facility that has the ability to admit upto 20 patients between the ages of 18 to 65 years of age, but this is a short term facility that can only care for patients for up to 90 days. Currently, in the Merced County area there are no psychiatric facilities that have the capability to care for psychiatric patients under the age of 18 or over the age of 65. Emergency preparedness within Merced County is primarily controlled by the Department of Public Health. Merced County’s emergency preparedness was last updated in 2003 and in general addresses â€Å"preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation activities† (City of Merced California, 2012). In the preparedness phase, activities are concentrated in advance of a disaster. Actions are focused on â€Å"implementing hazard mitigation projects, developing hazard analyses, developing and maintaining emergency plans and procedures, conducting general and specialized training, conducting exercises, developing mutual aid agreements, and improving emergency public education and warning systems† (Merced County California, 2003). In the response phase an emergency situation is imminent or likely to occur. During this stage the county initiates actions to increase its readiness. In the recovery phase the focus is to return public services to Merced county residents and return any area affected by the emergency to its previous condition. The mitigation phase occurs before and after emergencies. After a disaster or emergency, mitigation or alleviation, includes â€Å"reducing the impact of hazards that exist within Merced County† (Merced County California, 2003). Although Merced County Public Health Department concerns itself with the county as a whole, it must also make provisions for areas more susceptable to emergencies or areas where there is an increased difficulty to disseminate information. Within these areas there are disproportionate ethnic minorities. The two primary ethnic groups, hispanic and asian americans, are particularily at risk because of transportational and housing issues as well as dysfunctional attitudes toward disaster planning or preparedness. Within Merced County the Hispanic community makes up nearly 50% of the population and constitutes the majority of those living below poverty level. This translates into the majority of the population within the economically depressed areas having inadequate housing or malfunctioning transportation. When a disaster does occur, this group will be the hardest hit as they will not have the financial means to recover what they have lost. This group also has the highest potential for harm due to the inability to relocate to an area that is safe due to transportational issue. What places this group at highest risk are their attitudes toward disaster planning or preparedness. After speaking with six different families from a depressed area, all but one family put any thought into a potential emergency, and none of these families had money set aside for such a disaster (personal communication, June 1, 2012).

Pharmacological Profiles of Several Common Drugs

Pharmacological Profiles of Several Common Drugs 2.3 Profile of Pheniramine Maleate (31) Chemical name: (3RS)-N,N-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-3-(pyridine-2-yl)propan-1-amine(Z)-butenedioate Empirical formula: C20H24N2O4 Chemical structure: Figure 2.3:Structure of Pheniramine Maleate 2.3.1 Physical properties Molecular weight: 356.4 Appearance and colour: White or almost white crystalline powder. Solubility: Very soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol (96 %)in methanol and in methylene chloride. Therapeutic category:Pheniramine maleate belongs to H1-antagonist pharmacological group on the basis of mechanism of action and also classified in Antihistamine, Decongestant. Dosage: Tablet , Powder, Solution 2.3.2 Pharmacology Pheniramine maleate is an antihistamine used for alleviation of allergy symptoms. Manufacturers frequently list the over-the-counter medication as pheniramine maleate or a derivative. Drug industries also often combine the formulation with other medications for relief of other symptoms. Consumers can generally find the ingredient in an oral solution or tablet form. Certain ophthalmic solutions also contain pheniramine maleate, which provides relief from allergy symptoms associated with the eyes. Allergic reactions are autoimmune responses to certain antigens. When allergens enter the bloodstream, the body releases histamine, which binds with and activates receptor sites, located throughout the body, producing physical symptoms. The pharmacological action of pheniramine maleate involves blocking the receptor sites for the histamine H1, found in the heart, central nervous system, smooth muscle, and vascular endothelium cells. Blocking the receptor sites reduces or inhibits the symptoms. The antihistamine is frequently used for seasonal allergies, such as hay fever, or environmental allergies, such as animal dander. By blocking histamine receptor sites, pheniramine maleate can reduce or eliminate itching, watery eyes, runny noses, and skin irritations. Allergy related skin irritations might include the itching, redness, and swelling associated with eczema or uticaria, commonly referred to as hives (40). The medication may produce a sedative effect when binding to sites in the central nervous system. It also may produce an anticholinergic effect by dilating or relaxing smooth muscle. These side effects sometimes allow pheniramine maleate to be used as treatment for motion sickness or the inner ear condition known as Meniere’s disease. 2.4 Profile of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride (78) Chemical name:(R)-(-)-1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylaminoethanol hydrochloride Empirical formula:C9H13NO2HCL Chemical structure: Figure 2.4 : Structure of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride 2.4.1 Physical properties Molecular weight:203.67 Appearance and colour: White or practically white odourless crystals Solubility: Freely soluble in water and alcohol Therapeutic category: Phenylephrine is a sympathomimetic amine that acts predominantly on ÃŽ ±-adrenergic receptors. It is mainly used to treat nasal congestion, but may also be useful in treating hypotension and shock, hypotension during spinal anaesthesia, prolongation of spinal anaesthesia, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, symptomatic relief of external or internal hemorrhoids, and to increase blood pressure as an aid in the diagnosis of heart murmurs. Dosage: Cream, Solution, Ointment, Injection, Liquid, Tablet, Suppository 2.4.2 Pharmacology In general, ÃŽ ±1-adrenergic receptors mediate contraction and hypertrophic growth of smooth muscle cells. ÃŽ ±1-receptors are 7-transmembrane domain receptors coupled to G proteins, Gq/11. Three ÃŽ ±1-receptor subtypes, which share approximately 75% homology in their transmembrane domains, have been identified: ÃŽ ±1A (chromosome 8), ÃŽ ±1B (chromosome 5), and ÃŽ ±1D (chromosome 20). Phenylephrine appears to act similarly on all three receptor subtypes. All three receptor subtypes appear to be involved in maintaining vascular tone. The ÃŽ ±1A-receptor maintains basal vascular tone while the ÃŽ ±1B-receptor mediates the vasocontrictory effects of exogenous ÃŽ ±1-agonists. Activation of the ÃŽ ±1-receptor activates Gq-proteins, which results in intracellular stimulation of phospholipases C, A2, and D. This results in mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, activation of mitogen-activated kinase and PI3 kinase pathways and subsequent vasoconstriction. Phenylephrine produces its local and systemic actions by acting on ÃŽ ±1-adrenergic receptors peripheral vascular smooth muscle. Stimulation of the ÃŽ ±1-adrenergic receptors results in contraction arteriolar smooth muscle in the periphery. Phenylephrine decreases nasal congestion by acting on ÃŽ ±1-adrenergic receptors in the arterioles of the nasal mucosa to produce constriction; this leads to decreased edema and increased drainage of the sinus cavities. 2.5 Profile of Dextromethorphan (79) Chemical name:(1R,9R,10R) 4 methoxy 17 methyl – 17 azatetracyclo[7.5.3.0{1,10}.0{2,7}]heptadeca-2,4,6-triene Empirical formula:C18H25NO Chemical structure: Figure 2.5 : Structure of Dextromethorphan 2.5.1 Physical properties Molecular weight:271.39 Appearance and colour: It is a White crystalline powder Solubility: 1-5 g/100 mL at 21 Â ºC Therapeutic category: Dextromethorphan usually used in the treatment of respiratory infections and allergic conditions Dosage: Tablet , Syrup, Capsule, Suspension 2.5.2 Pharmacology Dextromethorphan is an opioid-like drug that binds to and acts as antagonist to the NMDA glutamatergic receptor, it is an agonist to the opioid sigma 1 and sigma 2 receptors, it is also an alpha3/beta4 nicotinic receptor antagonist and targets the serotonin reuptake pump. Dextromethorphan is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, where it enters the bloodstream and crosses the blood-brain barrier. The first-pass through the hepatic portal vein results in some of the drug being metabolized into an active metabolite of dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, the 3-hydroxy derivative of dextromethorphan. 2.6 Profile of Diphenhydramine (80) Chemical name: 2-(diphenylmethoxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine Empirical formula:C17H21NO HCL Chemical structure: Figure 2.6 : Structure of Diphenhydramine 2.6.1 Physical properties Molecular weight:291.82 Appearance and colour: It is a White crystalline powder Solubility: Soluble in DMSO, acetone, water Therapeutic category: Diphenhydramineis a first-generationantihistamine possessing anticholinergic, antitussive, antiemetic, and sedative properties that is mainly used to treat allergies. It is also used in the management of drug-induced parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal symptoms. The drug has a strong hypnotic effect and is FDA-approved as a non-prescription sleep aid, especially in the form of diphenhydramine citrate Dosage: Capsule 2.6.2 Pharmacology Diphenhydramine is an inverse agonist of the histamineH1receptor. It is a member of the ethanolamine class of antihistaminergic agents. By blocking the effects of histamine on the capillaries, it can reduce the intensity of allergic symptoms. Diphenhydramine also crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and antagonizes the H1 receptors centrally. Its effects on central H1 receptors cause drowsiness. Like many other first-generation antihistamines, diphenhydramine is also a potent antimuscarinic (a competitive antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors), and, as such, at high doses can cause anticholinergic syndrome. The utility of diphenhydramine as

Why Did Boudiccas Revolt Fail?

Why Did Boudiccas Revolt Fail? I decided to research the question why did Boudiccas Revolt fail?; for my extended essay. I used primary and secondary sources. The books I used a range of sources from Roman era to the modern day historians. There was a period throughout history where they forgot about Boudicca this was the middle ages where roman history had waned at this point. My investigation scope was mainly limited to the military features but also considered political factors. The conclusions I arrived at in the End is that Boudiccas revolt failed, due to the military strength of the Romans full time army who trained everyday, the fact that Boudicca was against a undefeatable enemy, no matter how long she fought they would have always won even if meant sending reinforcements, and the final factor is that the Britons were given a false sense of security whilst dealing with the Romans as before the final battle the Romans had not considered her a threat worth dealing with so there was not much attention focused on her and her warriors. Introduction The Romans first invaded Britain under Julius Caesar in the year 55 BC; this however was unfortunate timing as the Roman battalions were called off to fight another war in Gaul at which point they didnt invade Britain extensively until AD 43 under the rule of Emperor Claudius whose general Aulus Plautius served as the first governor of Britain. The Roman army at the time had sent 40,000 men to take part in the initial invasion  [1]  . The Emperor not only sent foot soldiers but also sent Cavalry as well, many British tribes sought to make peace, for example the Trinovantes , while many went to war against Rome such as the Druids in Anglesey in Wales. These battles went on for many years and the Romans were never fully able to conquer Britain. The second contributing factor was Britain itself; at the time of the Roman invasion in 55BC Britain had already established economic and cultural trading patterns with Continental Europe. Boudicca one of the most revered women in history, l ed Britons in AD 61 to fight the Romans for their freedom. The key question for many historians is, why did Boudiccas revolt fail? In this essay I plan to give an answer of my own as to why the former mentioned happened. The Historical significance of this event is that a women who at the time were considered inferior, led the most significant rebellions against the biggest army the world has ever known. During the time of the rebellion the terrain of England would have been quite different than the one we have today it would have been practically all rural with only a few settlements every so often, until you reached Roman territory where the cities would have been built up. What makes Boudiccas revolt even more spectacular is that she managed two attack to main Roman cities, which no other Rebellion ever managed to do. Chapter 1 Boudiccas background Boudicca was born around 30AD, she lived in the Eastern side of Britain and was Queen of the Iceni, and her actual death is also shrouded in mystery. Tacitus states that she poisoned herself after her defeat at the army of Suetonius.  [2]  Dio Cassius relates that Boudicca fell ill and then died  [3]  . Wailing Street. Boudiccas revolt can be pinned back to the point of her husband, King Prasutagus death. Prasutages was able to claim Roman citizenship  [4]  , which allowed him to believe that once he died his Kingdom and its inheritors would be safe. Prasutages will, as Tacitus explains, split the Iceni territory in half, one-half for the Emperor Nero and the other for his daughters. This could be a reason as to why the Romans marched into the Iceni territory as they did. They did not see women as leader material so they believed that they could take the other half of the Iceni territory for themselves as they believed that with no male ruler it would descend into chaos. The Nobles of the land were evicted from their ancestral homes, and the Royals were treated like slaves. Boudicca was flogged while her two daughters were raped. Since she herself was not raped, David Braund suggests that she was an older woman  [5]  , which gives her rebellion from the Romans even more credit as this would have shocked the Romans even further since they believed that women were unable to fight, so an older woman leading a rebellion would be an alien concept to the Romans. This news would have quickly spread throughout the neighboring territories and would have led to even more resentment towards the Romans. Chapter 2 Roman Invasion of England Roman Occupation began in 43AD under the rule of Emperor Claudius; the Romans managed to take all of Britannia but were never able to take Caledonia. The reason for Romes invasion was to help Emperor Claudius secure his position in Rome as he faced opposition from the Senate. The reason for this was because the Army was the main artery of Rome and the army paid for themselves, war was very profitable. Roman culture reflected this as each leader needed to prove himself as an adept army commander, and for Claudius Britain was to be his military victory.  [6]  This was very different to the initial invasion by Julius Caesar, who planned to invade Britain for he believed that they were helping Gaul by supplying them with equipment. In late August 55 BC, 12,000 Roman soldiers landed about 6 miles from Dover. Caesar had planned to land in Dover itself, but had to change his plan as many Briton soldiers had gathered on the cliffs ready to fight off the invaders. Even so, the Britons fol lowed the Romans to their landing place and a fierce fight took place on the beach. The Romans were forced to fight in the water as the Britons stormed down the beach. Caesar was impressed with the fighting qualities of the Britons: The Romans were faced with serious problems. These dangers frightened our soldiers who were not used to battles of this kind, with the results that they do not show the same speed and enthusiasm as they usually did in battles on dry land.  [7]   However, the Romans fought off the Britons who withdrew. But it was clear to Caesar that the Britons were anything but a pushover and by the end of the year the Romans had withdrawn to Gaul. This invasion gave some breathing space for Gaul and they quickly revolted. This dragged and the Romans went into Gaul to crush the revolt. It is also clear that Britain was an afterthought due to three legions that had been destroyed in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest by rebellious German tribesmen in 9 AD, and the Emperor Augustus concluded that the empire was overextended and called a halt to new wars of conquest. This war was a war of Prestige which Rome did not want to lose. Chapter 3, The development of the Rebellion After the treatment of Boudicca and her daughters, resentment towards the Romans grew even greater as the people saw just how the Romans were willing to treat their apparent friends as before King Prasutagus death the Iceni tribe were friendly with the Romans. This would have allowed Boudicca to amass an army fairly easily, mainly due to the fact that many tribes already disliked Roman occupation and were looking for a reason to go to war with them. Boudicca went from tribe to tribe with her daughters explaining to tribal leaders that Rome had gone too far and they must take a stand to prevent them from going any further. As Tactitus also mentions Boudicea, with her daughters before her in a chariot, went up to tribe after tribe, protesting that it was indeed usual for Britons to fight under the leadership of women. But now, she said, it is not as a woman descended from noble ancestry, but as one of the people that I am avenging lost freedom, my scourged body, the outraged chastity o f my daughters. Roman lust has gone so far that not our very persons, nor even age or virginity, are left unpolluted. But heaven is on the side of a righteous vengeance; a legion which dared to fight has perished; the rest are hiding themselves in their camp, or are thinking anxiously of flight. They will not sustain even the din and the shout of so many thousands, much less our charge and our blows. If you weigh well the strength of the armies, and the causes of the war, you will see that in this battle you must conquer or die. This is a womans resolve; as for men, they may live and be slaves.  [8]  This proved to the Britons that Boudicca was extremely serious about rebelling over Roman authority and she was confident that she would be able to successfully rebell against the Romans. She believed this to be possible if she could inspire the hearts and minds of all Britons. The reaction from the Romans during this inital uprising from Boudicca was minimal, it was unnoticed in Ro me as they had the worlds largest empire to control. This could be another possible reason as to why the inital stages of the Rebellion from Boudicca was so successful, but once the Romans took notice the tables were quickly turned. Chapter 4, The importance of Colchester and Londinium During Bouddicas revolt it was clear that Rome wasnt giving much oppostion  [9]  this would have encouraged her and her warriors to start making bigger attacks on Roman territory and this clearly happened. Boudicca laid siege on the capitol of Roman Britain Camalodunum (Colchester). This town however was mainly run by old Roman Veterans who would have unlikely been able to fight. This lack of manpower and the fact that this city was a main artery for Roman Britain gave the Iceni and Boudicca the incentivite to destroy it. The 9th legion attempted to save the city but was ambushed by Boudicca and only a few survived  [10]  . The Army of Kelts set fire to the temple (which marked the conquest by Emperor Claudicus over Roman Britain) which burned everyone inside alive. After this victory Boudicca moved on to Londinium (London), the Roman general Gaius Suetonius Paulinus sent a few troops in time before Boudiccas very large army arrived, Tacitus then writes At first, he [Gaius Suetonius Paulinus] hesitated as to whether to stand and fight there [Londinium]. Eventually, his numerical inferiority and the price only too clearly paid by the divisional commanders rashness decided him to sacrifice the single city of Londinium to save the province as a whole. Unmoved by lamentations and appeals, Suetonius gave the signal for departure. The inhabitants were allowed to accompany him. But those who stayed because they were women, or old, or attached to the place, were slaughtered by the enemy. This shows that the Romans were not too desperate to defend their city and were willing to let the Iceni burn it to the ground, and allow the families to be slaughtered if they were unable to leave with the Romans. Following Tacitus description he then states that in retaliation for the burning of the city, the Romans slaughtered 70,000 Britons. Following this attack Bouddicas forces moved on to the city of Verulamium (St Albans) and destroyed it, through the two attacks on Londinium and Verulamium an estimated 70,000-80,000 were killed by Boudicca and her forces  [11]   Chapter 5, The military differences By the time the final battle occurred Boudicca had amassed an army of over 200,000  [12]  , however this number differs between certain historians. Tacitus reported that there were 100,000 Britons and Cassius Dio estimated 250,000. There were British sympathizers and family members standing behind Boudiccas warriors both historians do agree on this matter. The Britons brought their carts, and wagons were arrayed encircling the rear of the British position, forming a significant barrier to movement for the Britons when they needed to retreat  [13]  . The Romans on the other hand had a considerably smaller number of around 10,000  [14]  . Full time employed soldiers whose job was to fight, these men had an incredible amount of training and expertise and this would have come from the previous battles and wars throughout the previous centuries which allowed the Romans to perfect their battle formations and tactics. Whereas the Britons were mainly farmers and had little time to dedicate to learning how to fight successfully as a unit and as individuals, the Romans had mastered sword combat at an early age and every morning had a gruelling training session to constantly hone their skills. The Romans also did not have to worry about tending to their farms or families as the Britons did. According to Tacitus, Seutonius had a total of 10,000 including his 14th legion a vexillation of the 20th Legion, and auxiliaries. Other estimates put the Roman force at 7000-8000 legionaries and 4000 auxiliaries (including cavalry). Part of the Rom an armys training was a twenty Roman miles (18.4 miles) march (to be completed in five hours) carrying a full pack of weapons, shield, food rations, a cooking pot and a short spade, along with their personal kit.  [15]  This was then followed by heavy weapon carrying Roman soldiers who attended weapons training every morning. Roman soldiers practised hand-to-hand combat with wooden swords, spears and shields that were deliberately much heavier than those they used in battle. They trained with dummy swords and javelins made of wood.  [16]  The soldiers then practised Roman formations allowing them to work and move as one unit. The most formidable formation they used was the testudo (tortoise) in which the soldiers would bind together and lift their shields, interlocking them together. The soldiers in the back lines placed their shields over their heads to form a protective shell over the top of the men. The shields fitted so closely together that they formed one unbroken surf ace without any gaps between them. It has been said that it was so strong a formation that men could walk upon them, and even horses and chariots be driven over them. The Romans also used other formations such as The Wedge this was used to break enemy lines. This extreme training discipline compared to the lack of discipline in Boudiccas warriors gives the clear view that the Romans were going to win in the final battle. Although the Britons outnumbered the Romans greatly, the Britons were given a false sense of security . This was clear as Tacitus states that in the final battle all the Britons families had turned up to watch the Roman bloodbath. Up until the final battle, the Britons were constantly massacring the Romans, which included the 9th legion. This was due to the possibility that the Romans were not putting much effort into containing Boudicca because they did not see her as a threat; whereas the Druids in Anglesey and Gaul were bigger threats to the Roman power or their religion. Once Boudicca started attacking Roman towns and cities, the Generals of the region started to take notice and this was the turning point for Boudicca as the Romans started to put pressure and effort into removing Boudiccas threat from their land. However they lacked the superior discipline and tactics that won the Romans a decisive victory. However the chariots were exceptional. This description is how Julius Cae sar described the Britons chariot ability while during battle: Chariots are used like this. First of all, the charioteers drive all over the field hurling javelins. Generally, the horses and the noise of the wheels are enough to terrify the enemy and throw them into confusion, as soon as they have got through the cavalry, the warriors jump down from their chariots and fight on foot. Meanwhile, the charioteers then move away and place their chariots in such a way that the warriors can easily get back on them if they are hard pressed by the size of the enemy. So they combine the easy movement of cavalry with the staying power of foot soldiers. Regular practice makes them so skillful that they can control their horses at a full gallop, even on a steep slope. And they can stop and turn them in a moment. The warriors can then run along the chariot pole, stand on the yoke and get back into the chariot as quick as lightening.  [17]  while in truth by AD61 the chariot drivers were the r ich class and barely trained compared to the Roman charioteers. The main base of Boudiccas army was foot soldiers who were mainly poor peasants and were unable to spend most of their time training with swords and had to struggle to just make enough food to feed their families. In truth the army of Boudiccas while great in numbers was unable to fight as proved in their final battle agaisnt the Romans who were outnumbered 20 to 1. Chapter 6, Strategy and tactics Up until the final battle, which no one knows the place of, Boudicca and her warriors were easily defeating the Roman attempts to stop them. For example the ninth legion in the burning of Colchester. This was partly because Boudiccas battles happened when Suetonius Paulinus, the Governor of Rome, was away fighting the Druids in Anglesey, North Wales. This meant that the Romans who were left behind did not have a leader to tell them what to do. However, this was soon to change as General Suetonius Paulinus once hearing of the Iceni revolt came back to England and this was the turning point for Boudicca as the Romans quickly turned the tables. The battleground as previously stated is unknown but Tacitus wrote a position with a wood behind him (General Suetonius). This would have placed the Romans at the top of some sort of hill, which would have been in keeping with the standard Roman tactics. With the wood behind them, the Romans would have channelled the Britons so the Romans would o nly have to face Britons on one side. Behind the Britons was their family, as they had expected a Roman massacre, behind them was the bounty they had amassed from their previous raids. The Celts were very high on enthusiasm, people were shouting and music was playing everyone was enjoying the atmosphere. The Romans expectation towards this battle would have been very different. The Romans rallied around their commander, who delivered his speech convincing them that the battle could be won. Boudicca gave a final speech, and then the Celts charged towards the Romans.  [18]   The outcome was that out of 10,000 Romans only 400 were killed and all of Boudiccas warriors were killed, including their families and most of the Iceni tribe. Those who managed to survive and escape moved to Norfolk where the Romans kept a close eye on them. Boudicca was said to have poisoned herself after the battle had been lost to avoid Roman capture, however there is no mention of what happened to her daughters as they seem to have vanished from the history books. Tacitus says nothing of her burial. There is a story that she was buried at Stonehenge and its legendary circle of stones were set up by the Druids to mark her tomb. However there is no solid historical evidence over this period and it is most probably a myth. Conclusion In conclusion, the reason Boudicca lost against the Romans in her final revolt was due to a simple reason. Boudicca was up against the most formidable army the world has ever seen, and the Romans were never going to allow Boudicca to disgrace them and allow her to get away with it. Even if Boudicca had managed to defeat the Romans in her final battle it is most probable that the Romans would have sent reinforcements into Britain to wipe her off the face of the map. This was the key reason as to why Boudiccas revolt failed: Boudicca had set herself an unachievable goal and she was never going to come out on top, no matter what the outcome of her final battle was going to be.

Melian Dialogue as interpreted through perspectives of Realism, Liberal

Melian Dialogue as interpreted through perspectives of Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism Imagine Cleomedes, son of Lycomedes, general of the famed forces of the lustrous Athenian Empire, waiting for a trio of representatives to return from The Melian Dialogue. â€Å"Well?† he demands impatiently as they arrive, â€Å"What did they say?† As perspectives and opinions in the realm of political science are fluid and bound to change, he receives a variety of replies, for the representatives body he sent happen to comprise a Realist, a Liberal and a Constructivist. The variances the philosophies and universal laws his representatives throw back at him intrigue General Cleomedes. He recognizes that within the power play of the world, and the role of Athens as a superpower within the world’s political arena, he must be thoroughly versed in every possible political perspective. Thus, he invites his representatives to share their own view of what transpired between the dialogue between the Melians and the Athenians. The Realist, absolutely dedicated to the preservation and security of the Athenian Empire declares stoutly, â€Å"General, it is no great surprise that our negotiations reflected the success and dominance of realism in the political arena.† The Liberal, mindful of universal pathos over such a nationalistic approach, gasps. Deeply moved by the proceedings of the Melian dialogue, and aghast at the lack of understanding in her fellow representatives, she offers a venomous retort, â€Å"To hell with realism! Can’t you see the truth? Oh, my comrades are blind to the universal laws of right and wrong! Truly, our very invasion of this people is immoral! We should be moved by empathy and compassion for the Melians!† A steady, even voice i... ...ialogue are enveloped in the great ‘ism’ constructs for which this extremely modern political theory is known (Hughes, Chp.3). And as the Constructivist sees social groups interacting within the world, he contributes to our understanding of the groups through the invention of identity. The Constructivists label groups of people with common interests and gives words with which to speak of rising ideas and philosophies. The Melian Dialogue bears a host of political interpretations as the Melians and Athenians negotiate the reality of power and rights of countries on the scale of empires. Though Cleomedes eventually relied on the heavy handed realist course of action in the Peloponnesian War, ideally, he could have cultivated a healthy respect for differing universal truths of political theories and the fluidity of interpretation in every text available to us today.

Levinas on the Border(s) :: Teaching Education

Levinas on the Border(s) ABSTRACT: This essay explores my own situation of teaching philosophy in a more or less traditional undergraduate setting but in a way that is especially relevant to the theme of this Congress, namely, the theme of "philosophy educating humanity." In my case, I teach philosophy but from a perspective that is non-traditional and which undercuts the standard questions originating from and orienting around a "philosophia perennia." Specifically, I teach philosophy of religion from the perspective of Jewish philosophy, and even more specifically, from the perspective of the French Jewish philosophy of Emmanuelle Levinas. Moreover, I teach philosophy in an educational environment that is representative of the greater global community because I teach at the University of Texas at El Paso, situated on the border that separates the United States and Latin America. Finally, my teaching situation is one that is further marginalized because of the precarious nature of my academic position, name ly, trained outside the traditional borders of philosophical faculty and working at first as a part-timer and only recently as a full-time, non-tenure track teacher of philosophy and humanities. Hence, I offer my experience of doing work of successfully teaching philosophy "on the borders" in the hope that others gathered here will be challenged to think differently about their own way of educating others. What follows is about teaching the philosophy of Levinas, on the Mexico/USA border, on the border of a traditional discipline of philosophy (the philosophy of religion), and on the border of academia--as a non-tenure-track, non-traditionally trained Lecturer in Philosophy and Humanities at the University of Texas at El Paso. The relevance of these three interrelated themes for the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, whose theme is "Philosophy Educating Humanity," should be at least initially obvious, but a few preliminary remarks should clear up any confusions about my title. Most important of all, my scope is broader and deeper than the stated regional or academic limits. I contend that how I do what I do where I am at, and with whom I teach and learn has inter-national and inter-cultural significance which justifies inclusion of my remarks in an international Paideia forum. As a non-Jew with a degree in Religious Studies, I teach the philosophy of Levinas, a French-Jewish philosopher, in a relatively traditional Program of Philosophy to Spanish-speaking-Mexicans, Mexican-Americans, and Anglo-Americans. Moreover, I do so in the predominantly Christo-centric and conservative cultural climate of the border region of El Paso, USA and Juarez, Mexico.

Reformers Of The Second Great Awakening :: American History, Social Reforms, Slavery

During the Second Great Awakening, a mass revival of American society took place. Reformers of every kind emerged to ameliorate women’s rights, education and religious righteousness. At the forefront of the movement were the temperance reformers who fought for a change in alcoholism, and abolitionist who strived for the downfall of slavery. Temperance reformers were mostly women and religious leaders. Lyman Beecher, a well known preacher and temperance leader during this time, talked about how intemperance was destroying our nation. He stated that intemperance was,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦continually transferring larger and larger bodies of men, from the class of contributors to the national income, to the class of worthless consumers...,† which meant that more men were taking away from the national then putting in. Some reformers even went as far as making illustrations showing how starting at a simple glass of this â€Å"demon rum† could lead to death or even suicide. Reformers such as Henry Clay Work wrote songs that at times placed a young daughter asking her father to come home to take care of their family. Women also played a very important role in the temperance movement by protesting to government to make alcohol illegal. The Abolition movement pushed for the country to realize the cruelties of slavery. Harriet Tubman, an escaped runaway slave, helped over 300 African Americans get freedom. Many people published books and reports on slavery. They showed Americans, as well as a world the harshness of slavery. Some abolitionist held posts on Underground Railroad to help free slaves and even helped them hide at times.

Internship Experience for an ESL Teacher Essay

As a foreign student with a degree in Informatics and Library and currently pursuing a master’s degree at the University of Pennsylvania in Adult and Community Education Program, I have a vision of teaching English as a second language in Saudi Arabia. To this effect, I have been on an internship project at the Communications Media department at the same university between January and March this year. The main purpose for the internship was to give me an exposure to the kind of environment I will find myself working in as an ESL teacher. ESL is a course that is offered to people who wish to learn English as a second language. Thesis Statement For my internship, I was attached at the Communication Department at the University of Pennsylvania where my duties included but were but not limited to coordinating activities between students taking English as a Second Language (ESL) and conversation partners at the American Language Institute. Also in the line of my duty was the task of overseeing how the two groups have been progressing together. The internship was time well spent and it played a very important role in familiarising me with the classroom set up at an ESL teaching centre. I also had the opportunity to learn much about the job and what it entails as well as the kind of challenges that I may encounter in the course of my career. Taking my internship course at University of Pennsylvania was the most convenient choice that I made. The communications Media Department where I was attached is right on the campus and I was therefore able to operate from my residence without any hustles of commuting from one place to another. It was also convenient in that I was able to coordinate between my classes at the Adult Community Program centre and the training on the internship. The convenience made life a little more comfortable for me because of reduced costs of transport. The internship kept me in good relations with the law because being in one place helped me avoid any instances of breaking immigration rules set for foreign students. The convenience of having all my activities centralised on Campus has played well in helping me to develop my social skills. This is because it has been easy to have extra interaction with some of the students when the opportunity allowed and as a teacher, this was very helpful in that I could closely get to know more about the challenges that ESL students face in their social life as foreign students. Since we were all from different social backgrounds, the interaction helped to improve my social relations with others considering the diversity of culture represented in the ESL class. A close bond between teacher and student is very important as it helps students to learn better and also helps the teacher to improve their skills. Knowing students a little bit more beyond the classroom set up is very important for teacher-student relations. Interaction with the volunteers from the American Language Institute helped me learn more about American society. With these two groups, I was able to share my challenges as a foreign student in America and also listen to theirs and suggest possible solutions. This helped learning easier and more interesting for the students. The sole purpose of learning an extra language is to aid the learner in communicating easily through the desired language. Despite the fact that I speak the English language, the experience I got from the internship greatly helped to improve my skills in conversing with others. The interaction I had with the students as well as the volunteers in the ESL learning programme exposed me to those who were learning and others who were there to assist in learning. It was a learning experience for me as I was able to improve on my fluency and using correct grammar when conversing in the English language. By identifying the students’ challenges in learning to converse in English, I was able to polish my own language especially in using of proper tenses, right statements and remarks. The ESL program brings together people from different cultural backgrounds. Students come here with the aim of learning English that will help them to adapt to their new environment and they are helped through this process by communication partners. Through interaction with this group at the ESL program, I got exposed to a diversity of cultures and it was interesting to get to learn about different cultures and practises of the world. It is interesting to note how the world can meet in such a small set up as a classroom. This knowledge is very important for me in my pursuit of a career in ESL teaching as it will help me adopt to any new culture that I may be exposed to. Objectives were set to enable me achieve the goals of the internship. They were supposed to guide me in carrying out activities that internship period. This would enable me acquire knowledge and skills that are required for one to become an effective ESL student’s teacher. The experience would give me an opportunity to give my suggestions and ideas in order to improve students teaching techniques and materials. In this essay, there will be a reflection on the meaning of the internship experience for my intellectual development and career planning. The internship experience was necessary in equipping me with new learning. It would offer me knowledge and skills required in future teaching work with the language students. Suggestions and ideas that can improve teaching techniques and materials for the students would contribute in achieving my new learning objective. Engaging volunteers achieved this in sessions on curriculum and teaching methods, recommending improvements in class handling discussing organizational concerns with volunteers, drafting lesson plans and evaluating them and discussing educational techniques with volunteers. My objective to teach volunteers on how to interact with English was achieved by carrying out the following activities; directing English lessons in the classroom, engaging the volunteers on curriculum and teaching methods, evaluating their performances and recommending necessary changes in class. The assignments that were offered to the students is a sure evidence that this objective was attained. Creating organizational system to allow educators to organize volunteer schedules and paper work effectively was enhanced by meeting and discussing organizational concerns with the volunteers, organizing schedules to avoid confusion, handling volunteer and class paper work and documentation as well as getting program feedback from the student Creating lesson plans for the volunteer teachers was achieved by; drafting lesson plans for teaching, adapting the teachers according to the class needs, discussing the quality of lesson plans and suggesting their changes, incorporating volunteer opinions in final lesson plans and finally implementing the lesson plan. I managed to work with the students and volunteers of presentation materials, decided upon educational techniques and ensured students follow guidelines in presentation. This assisted me in acquiring skills in creating presentation materials. As a teacher, I accommodated a certain number of students when my time allowed, graded and encouraged students and understanding the students’ need. The current challenges and problems in the classroom were discussed with fellow teachers. This in turn, ensured the students were taught as require by the instruction formal program. Additionally, experience at the ESL classes helped me to learn about other methods used in communicating apart from mouth language. These other methods are important in that as a teacher, knowledge of different methods of communication helps one to assess whether you are communicating fully or as desired by the students. Such methods include but are not limited to using parts of the body to express ourselves or gesturing and also the use of facial expressions. It was interesting to learn that a lot of communication can take place through non-verbal methods. At the end of the internship, I had developed a lot of confidence in conversing with students, being able to interact freely and easily with them as well as understanding diverse cultures and the styles they used to converse non-verbally in the different cultures. My internship was even more helpful as a master’s student in the Adult Education and Community programme. There was much more to learn from the experience at the ESL classes than I had earlier imagined. Interacting with students and volunteers from different cultures of the world helped me to grow as a person as well as to acquire intellectual improvement. I got exposed to diversity of cultures at very close range, something I had not encountered before and after such an experience, it becomes easy to be able to teach English anywhere in the world. This is because of the ability that I have gained to assess student issues anywhere. The ESL students mostly constitute of foreigners who wish to learn English so that they can be able to adapt to their new environments. Such students obviously encounter several challenges in the process of their resettlement and my experience with them enlightened me on ways in which I can be able to evaluate and understand their problems and the approach I can take in helping them to settle such problems. The ESL classes also constitute of people of different ages and as a future adult teacher, the internship has offered me great help in best ways of handling adults at different age categories. It is now easy to identify with their emotions and to know how well to help them cope with learning. Through this experience, I have realised that my own problems as a foreign student were not unique and that I have a lot to share in common with other foreigners that I shall encounter in the course of my career. I now have a burden to offer as much help as I can to make learning comfortable for foreigners. It made me feel even luckier that I could speak the language myself and made me realise that it was easier for me to adapt to my environment than those that cannot speak the language. Internship enriched me with methods of teaching that can be highly effective such as creating the right atmosphere for free teacher and student interaction and getting the students to give feedback on the way that they are fairing in their learning process. I learnt the essentiality of making the environment conducive for the students as it makes learning easier for them. Students can only learn successfully if several of these factors are pooled together. The internship was a good ground to put into practice what I had learnt from my course work.. Getting the chance to utilise my knowledge created a feeling of confidence in me as well as helped me to rectify and improve on areas that appeared weak. It is now possible for me to be able to come up with new ideas that can be applied in the ESL teaching program. This internship has surely given me the right exposure for my future career. Teaching at an ESL class is no longer a new encounter for me and I can affirm the fact that it is only through practice that one is able to assess whether you are ripe for a career. The challenges encountered in an ESL program set up are no longer strange to me. The internship has given me good experience in handling adults in a classroom set up and has helped to build confidence in me as an adult teacher. I believe this experience will assist me a great deal in planning and writing my thesis for the course that I am undertaking. Knowledge is only useful if it is put into practice. The internship offered me an opportunity to put into practice a lot of knowledge both academic and otherwise and gave me good direction on best ways of detecting, identifying and getting solutions to any challenges that may cross my path in the course of my career as an ESL teacher. By offering my own suggestions and contributing ideas on how teaching at ESL classes can be improved, my own personal growth in the career is advancing. I now have the confidence to handle adults in a learning environment and to be able to identify with their emotions, weaknesses, likes and dislikes and to handle such factors without interfering with the learning process. The students were taken out to become conversant with various aspects of the country. Supplementation of students’ knowledge on English by informally speaking with them aided their learning on the English language. On the other hand, not all objectives were achieved fully. There were several problems and challenges that made the achievement of these objectives difficult. The problems that were experienced included; volunteer delayed easy interaction with the students, and volunteers could not identify and understand concerns of all students fully. Though it took some time before they interacted easily with the students, they later managed to do it. There were few communication and organization problems that arose but were sorted out with time. It was also a bit difficult to develop lesson plans containing all relevant information for the course at one particular time. This experience assisted me to improve my conversation skills. This was due to the interaction with both the volunteers and the students. During this interaction conversations between me and then assisted me to gain fluency and correct grammar when conversing. The use of correct tenses, remarks and statements in order to pass the necessary language enabled me to identify their needs in their classes. Conclusion Internship has proved to be a very helpful undertaking and I would recommend it to anyone that wishes to develop and pursue a successful career. It offers a good opportunity to learn so much about the pros and cons of a job. From the experience that I have had at the internship, I believe that I have fewer challenges to face in my future career as an ESL teacher in Saudi Arabia. This is because the internship has prepared me on almost every aspect of human interaction is it personal, social or cultural that I need in my career. The exposure to people from different social backgrounds and different cultures will serve to help me adapt to new cultural backgrounds as it gives the right psychological preparation for such an encounter. The ESL class encounter will help me to adapt in a situation where I may find myself learning a new language. The whole experience was worth the time and effort. References Dolores, La Guardia. , Guth P. H. , (2000). American Voices. Culture and Community. Toronto, Mayfield Publishers.